C is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis M. Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories to develop the UNIX operating system. … This tutorial is designed for software programmers with a need to understand the C …
Console I/O refers to the operation that occur at the keyboard and the screen of your computer. Console I/O function can also be classified in two parts: 1. Formatted console I/O: Formatted I/O function accepts or present in a particular format. The example of formatted console I/O function is printf( ) and scanf( ). printf It is highly …
Function which performs secondary storage devices like floppy disk or hard disk is called disk I/O functions. Port I/O functions This type of functions performs I/O operation among various codes like printer port, mouse port.
This type of statements insured that the instruction in a program is executed in the same order. In which they appear in the program. An example of sequential Control Statements: Out put of the program Explanation of the program: There are three variable a, b, c is declared as int datatype the value of a=2, b=3 and the result …
Decision control statements and Conditional Statements allow the computer to take decision. And force to work under given condition: Decision control statements: It gives the control to the computer for taking the decisions. Two decisions control instruction which are implemented in C are following: a) The if statements. b) The if-else statements. General form of …
The Case control statements allow the computer to take decision as to be which statements are to be executed next. It is a multi way decision construct facilitate number of alternatives. C has multi way decision statement known as switch statements. It tests the value of a given variable or expression against a list of …
Control Structures Repitition & loop control statements This type of statements helps the computer to execute a group of statements repeatedly. This allows a set of instruction to be performed until a certain condition is reached. There are three types of loops in C: 1. for loop 2. while loop 3. do-while loop The for …
The break Statement We have already met break in the discussion of the switch statement. It is used to exit from a loop or a switch, passing control to the first statement beyond the loop or a switch. With loops, break can be used to force an early exit from the loop, or to implement a loop with a test to exit in …
Whenever there is need to store a group of data of the same type in the memory, arrays are used. Two terms have been described here Array and String. Strings in C are represented by the array only, therefore, it would be convenient to describe strings separately in the same block but in the different …
Array Declaration Arrays are defined in the same manner as ordinary variables, except that each array name must be accompanied by the size specification. The general form of array declaration is: data_type array_name[size]; data-type specifies the type of array, size is a positive integer number or symbolic constant that indicates the maximum number of elements …
The Element of array are initialized in the same way as the ordinary variables. Example: int num[6]={2,4,5,35,12,12,67}; An example showing the index and its corresponding data (prices) > An example program of entering data into Array: Out put of the program In this example, using the for loop, the process of asking and receiving the marks …
Two dimensional array (2-D array) is also called Matrix General form of 2-D array is: data_type array_name[row_size][column_size]; Example: int marks [4][2] Different ways of Initialization of a 2-Dimensional Array: int table [2][3]={0,0,0,1,1,1}; initialization done by row. int table[2][3]={{0,0,0},{1,1,1}}; surrounding the elements of each row by braces. int table[2][3]={{0,0,0,}, initialization as matrix. An example program that …
Arrays of three or more dimension is called Multi-Dimensional Array. General form Multi-Dimensional Array: data_type array_name[s1][s2][s3]……[sn]; Example: int survey[3][5][12] Here survey is a 3-dimensionalarray declared to contain 180 integer_type elements. (3x5x12=180) Initialization of 4-Dimensional Array: static int arr [3] [4] [2]={{{2,4}, {7,3}, (3,4}, {5,1}, }, {{3,4}, {3,4}, {3,2}, {4,5}}, {{2,3}, {2,7}, {2,3}, {4,3}}} In this …
Strings in C are represented by arrays of characters. The end of the string is marked with a special character, the null character, which is simply the character with the value 0. Because C has no built-in facilities for manipulating entire arrays (copying them, comparing them, etc.), it also has very few built-in facilities for manipulating strings. In fact, C’s only truly built-in string-handling …
Functions are self contained program segments that carry out some specific well defined task. In “C” , we include the header files like stdio, conio, string, etc. These files contain number of library functions which are as follows: printf( ), scanf( ), getchar( ), putchar( ), getche( ), gets( ), puts( ), strlen( ), getch( …
Before defining the function, it is desired to declare the function with its prototype. In function prototype, the return value of function, type, and number of argument are specified. Function declaration is written in following ways: return data_type function_name (data_type argument 1, data_type argument 2 …………….data_type argument n) { local variable declaration; executable statement 1; executable statement 2 …
Function can be called either by value or by reference . A function can be called by specifying its name followed by a list of arguments enclosed in parentheses and separated by commas. From the above example the following line is used as a function call: sum=add(a,b); /* function call */ Call by value: Call by value means directly pass …
Repetitive calling of the same function is called recursion. Recursions are those functions which call itself again and again. Recursive functions can easily become infinite loops. An example program to find out the factorial of any number is the one of the best example of recursion: Out put of the program
Pointers are a fundamental part of C. If you cannot use pointers properly then you have basically lost all the power and flexibility that C allows. The secret of C is in its use of pointers. C uses pointers a lot. Why? It is the only way to express some computations. It produces compact and …
Like other variables pointer variable can also be used in expressions. Arithmetic and comparison operation can be performed on the pointers. Pointer Arithmetic Example: Addition of a number to a pointer int i=4,*j,* j=&i; j=j+1; j=j+9; k=j+3; Example: Subtraction of number from a pointer int i=4,*j,*k; j=&i; j=j-2; j=j-5; k=j-6; But the following operation are …
Let us now examine the close relationship between pointers and C’s other major parts. We will start with functions. When C passes arguments to functions it passes them by value. There are many cases when we may want to alter a passed argument in the function and receive the new value back once the function …