CCNA Tutorial

What is a network? CCNA Tutorial

A computer network can be described as a system of interconnected devices that can communicate using some common standards (called protocols). These devices communicate to exchange resources (e.g. files and printers) and services. Here is an example network consisting of two computers connected together: In the example above, the two computers are directly connected using a …

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What is OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) & TCP/IP models? CCNA Tutorial

OSI model OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model was created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), an international standard-setting body. It was designed to be a reference model for describing the functions of a communication system. The OSI model provides a framework for creating and implementing networking standards and devices and describes how network applications on different …

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What is Encapsulation in Computer Network? CCNA Tutorial

The term encapsulation is used to describe a process of adding headers and trailers around some data. For example, here is what happens when you send an email using your favourite email program (like Outlook or Thunderbird): the email is sent from the Application layer to the Transport layer. the Transport layer encapsulates the data and adds …

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What is Ethernet? CCNA Tutorial

Ethernet is the most used networking technology for LANs today. It defines wiring and signaling for the Physical layer of the OSI model. For the Data Link layer, it defines frame formats and protocols. Ethernet is described as IEEE 802.3 standard. It uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) access method and supports speeds up to 100 Gbps. …

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What is Ethernet addresses Unicast, multicast, and broadcast addresses? CCNA Tutorial

There are three types of Ethernet addresses: unicast addresses – represent a single LAN interface. A unicast frame will be sent to a specific device, not to a group of devices on the LAN. multicast addresses – represent a group of devices in a LAN. A frame sent to a multicast address will be forwarded to a …

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What are the various difference between full duplex and half duplex? CCNA Tutorial

Difference between a full duplex and half duplex.   half-duplex – a port can send data only when it is not receiving data. In other words, it cannot send and receive data at the same time. Network hubs run in half-duplex mode in order to prevent collisions. Since hubs are rare in modern LANs, the half-duplex …

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What is full-duplex? CCNA Tutorial

full-duplex – all nodes can send and receive on their port at the same time. There are no collisions in full-duplex mode, but the host NIC and the switch port must support the full-duplex mode. Full-duplex Ethernet uses two pairs of wires at the same time instead of a single wire pair like half-duplex. full-duplex Capable of transmitting and receiving over the same channel simultaneously. In pure digital networks, …

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What is IEEE Ethernet standards? CCNA Tutorial

Ethernet is defined in a number of IEEE 802.3 standards. These standards define the physical and data-link layer specifications for Ethernet. The most important 802.3 standards are: 10Base-T (IEEE 802.3) – 10 Mbps with category 3 unshielded twisted pair (UTP) wiring, up to 100 meters long. 100Base-TX (IEEE 802.3u) – known as Fast Ethernet, uses category 5, …

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How many types of Ethernet cabling? CCNA Tutorial

There are three cable types commonly used for Ethernet cabling: coaxial, twisted pair, and fiber-optic cabling. In today’s LANs, the twisted pair cabling is the most popular type of cabling, but the fiber-optic cabling usage is increasing, especially in high-performance networks. Coaxial cabling is generally used for cable Internet access. Let’s explain all three cable …

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What is term Subnetting explained? CCNA Tutorial

Subnetting is the practice of dividing a network into two or more smaller networks. It increases routing efficiency, enhances the security of the network and reduces the size of the broadcast domain. Consider the following example: In the picture above we have one huge network: 10.0.0.0/24. All hosts on the network are in the same subnet, which …

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