Bitwise Operations Most software performs data manipulation using mathematical operations such as multiplication or addition. Some applications, however, may require the examination or manipulation of data at the bit level. For example, what might be the fastest way to determine whether an integer is odd or even? The method most of us are usually taught to distinguish …
Parity One of the most primitive forms of error detection is to add a single bit called a parity bit to each piece of data to indicate whether the data has an odd or even number of ones. It is considered a poor method of error detection as it sometimes doesn’t detect multiple errors. When …
Checksum For digital systems that store or transfer multiple pieces of data in blocks, an additional data element is typically added to each block to provide error detection for the block. This method of error detection is common, especially for the transmission of data across networks. One of the simplest implementations of this error detection scheme is …
A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a type of function that takes as input a data stream of any length and produces as output a value of a certain fixed size. The term CRC is often used to denote either the function or the function’s output. A CRC can be used as a checksum to detect accidental alteration of data during …