Microprocessor

Introduction to Boolean algebra

Boolean algebra (or Boolean logic) is a logical calculus of truth values, developed by George Boole. It resembles the algebra of real numbers as taught in high school, but with the numeric operations of multiplication xy, addition x + y, and negation -x replaced, respectively, by the logical operations of conjunction x?y, disjunction x?y, and …

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Boolean algebra Symbols

Boolean algebra Symbols Analogous behavior can be shown between Boolean algebra and mathematical algebra, and as a result, similar symbols and syntax can be used. For example, the following expressions hold true in math. This looks like the AND function allowing an analogy to be drawn between the mathematical multiply and the Boolean AND functions. …

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Laws & Rules of Boolean algebra

Laws & Rules of Boolean algebra The manipulation of algebraic expressions is based on fundamental laws. Some of these laws extend to the manipulation of Boolean expressions. For example, the commutative law of algebra which states th at the result of an operation is the same regardless of the order of operands holds true for Boolean algebra too. This is shown …

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De-Multiplexers

De-Multiplexers The previous section described how multiplexers select one channel from a group of input channels to be sent to a single output. Demultiplexers take a single input and select one channel out of a group of output channels to which it will route the input. It’s like having multiple printers connected to a computer. A document can only …

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Bitwise Operations

Bitwise Operations Most software performs data manipulation using mathematical operations such as multiplication or addition. Some applications, however, may require the examination or manipulation of data at the bit level. For example, what might be the fastest way to determine whether an integer is odd or even? The method most of us are usually taught to distinguish …

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What is CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)?

A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a type of function that takes as input a data stream of any length and produces as output a value of a certain fixed size. The term CRC is often used to denote either the function or the function’s output. A CRC can be used as a checksum to detect accidental alteration of data during …

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Organization of Memory Device

Organization of Memory Device Modern memory has the same basic configuration as magnetic core memory although the rings have been replaced with electronic memory cells such as the D-Latch. The cells are arranged so that each row represents a memory location where a binary value would be stored and the columns represent different bits of those …

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Memory-Processor Interfacing

Memory-Processor Interfacing The previous topic presented the input and output lines for a memory device. These lines are shared across all of the devices that communicate with the processor. If you look at the electrical traces across the surface of a motherboard, you should see collections of traces running together in parallel from the processor …

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Characteristic of Hard Drive

Characteristic of Hard Drive At the bottom of the hierarchy is long-term, high-capacity storage. This type of storage is slow making a poor choice for the processor to use for execution of programs and data access. It is, however, necessary to provide computer systems with high capacity, non-volatile storage. Hard drives are the most cost-effective …

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BUS, Registers and Flags

BUS, Registers, and Flags   Bus A bus is a bundle of wires grouped together to serve a single-purpose. The main application of the bus is to transfer data from one device to another. The processor’s interface to the bus includes connections used to pass data, connections to represent the address with which the processor interested, and …

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Buffers, Stacks and I/O Ports

Buffers Rarely does a processor operate in isolation. Typically there are multiple processors supporting the operation of the main processor. These include video processors, the keyboard and mouse interface processor, and the processors providing data from hard drives and CROMs. There are also processors to control communication interfaces such as USB, Firewire, and Ethernet networks. These processors …

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